WHAT IS ALCOHOLISM?

Alcoholism, also known as Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), is a form of alcohol dependency that induces changes to the brain and neurochemistry, becoming more addictive over time (Tyler & Legg, 2017). It is characterized by a pattern of alcohol use leading to difficulties controlling consumption, preoccupation with alcohol, and continued use despite adverse consequences (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). The diagnostic criteria outlined in DSM-5 included symptoms like increased quantity or frequency of alcohol use, high tolerance, and prioritizing alcohol in daily life (Tyler & Legg, 2017).

Understanding the depth of alcohol use disorder requires people to recognize it as a real and formidable disease, not merely a consequence of excessive drinking. According to research by Tyler and Legg (2017), prolonged alcohol dependency leads to structural and chemical alterations in the brain. The repercussions of these changes manifest in a pattern of alcohol use that goes beyond mere indulgence. Affected individuals find themselves struggling to control their consumption, preoccupied with thoughts of alcohol, and persisting in its use despite the evident problems it causes.

CAUSES FOR ALCOHOLISM

The development of alcohol use disorder is intricate, shaped by genetic, socioeconomic, psychological, and behavioral factors (Tyler & Legg). Family history, early initiation into alcohol consumption, and sociocultural influences, such as media portrayal and family drinking habits, significantly contribute to the emergence of this disorder (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022; Burke & Legg). Recognizing these causes is pivotal for addressing and preventing the progression of Alcohol Use Disorder. 

Emphasizing the multifaceted nature of these causes, the influential role of family history is highlighted, where a background of alcoholism increases the risk of individuals succumbing to similar patterns of behavior (Tyler and Legg). Prolonged alcohol consumption disrupts normal brain function, altering the delicate balance of neurotransmitters which leads to substance dependency (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). Another contributing factor is the early initiation into alcohol consumption, which substantially increases the likelihood of an alcohol use disorder diagnosis later in life (Burke & Legg, 2023; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2023). This underscores the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of these causes to formulate effective preventive strategies.

CYCLE OF ADDICTION

The addiction cycle, outlined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2021), starts with the pleasures of intoxication but progresses to negative emotions in between, forming three key stages: 

1. Binge/Intoxication Stage: Seeking pleasure through the addictive behavior, activating the brain's reward system. 

2. Negative affect/Withdrawal Stage: Experiencing negative emotions and physical symptoms as the effects wear off, driving a desire to avoid or alleviate discomfort.

3. Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage: Obsessive thoughts about obtaining and engaging in the addictive behavior, leading to a loss of control and difficulty resisting urges.

These stages illustrate the brain changes that result in cravings, anxiety, and a relentless preoccupation with alcohol, highlighting the persistent risk of relapse even after stopping. Recognizing that individuals can enter this cycle at any stage is vital for both those dealing with alcoholism and their support systems. Healthcare professionals must comprehend that these stages to tailor interventions that address the unique challenges of each phase effectively.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER

Alcoholism has profound effects on both physical and mental health, causing severe consequences ranging from heart and liver diseases to sexual problems and birth defects (Tyler & Legg, 2017). The toll on the body is extensive, encompassing liver disease with manifestations such as increased fat, inflammation, and cirrhosis, along with digestive issues and severe cardiovascular impact (Tyler & Legg, 2017). 

Socially, alcoholism strains family relationships, leading to a breakdown in communication and understanding, exacerbating existing problems, and fostering an environment for depression and isolation (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). Within families, individuals grappling with AUD often withdraw themselves from others, avoiding contact and closeness due to shame and guilt, thereby deepening the division. 

The impact extends to teenagers, who may exhibit symptoms such as loss of interest, lack of motivation, red eyes, slurred speech, coordination problems, memory lapses, and academic challenges (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). 

TREATING AUD

Recovery from alcohol use disorder demands strong personal motivation and a multi-faceted approach (Tyler & Legg, 2017; Burke & Legg, 2023). Treatment options, including rehab, support groups, therapy, and medication, each have benefits and consequences (Tyler & Legg, 2017). Acknowledging the possibility of change is the first crucial step, with the journey often beginning with profound personal motivation.

Rehabilitation programs, whether inpatient or outpatient, play a pivotal role in addressing withdrawal symptoms and emotional challenges (Tyler & Legg, 2017). Support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, foster community-driven recovery, offering accountability and shared experiences. Therapy helps manage emotional stress and uncover underlying issues contributing to alcoholism while medication can aid in reducing cravings or creating aversions to alcohol consumption (Burke & Legg, 2023).

FINAL WORDS

Recovery is not one-size-fits-all, requiring a tailored approach to individual needs. The mindset of someone on the path to recovery involves a commitment to sobriety, acknowledging the lifelong process with the potential for relapses. A strong support system is crucial, involving family, friends, and peers in creating an environment conducive to sustained recovery. This process demands self-reflection, a commitment to personal growth, and an unwavering dedication to a healthier, alcohol-free life (Burke & Legg, 2023). Understanding that relapses may occur but viewing them as opportunities for learning and growth is crucial. A mindset centered on continuous improvement and resilience is a powerful asset on the road to recovery.

Alcoholism goes beyond a simple struggle with excess drinking. It's a complex interplay of genetic, psychological, and social factors. Recognizing it as a disease that significantly alters the brain and neurochemistry is crucial for effective interventions. Understanding the causes, the cycle of addiction, and the profound effects on health and relationships are essential steps in addressing this widespread issue. Recovery from alcohol use disorder is undeniably challenging but achievable, starting with a genuine commitment to change. Through increased awareness, understanding, and comprehensive intervention, we can collectively work towards breaking the chains of alcoholism and fostering a society where recovery is not only possible but actively supported.

REFERENCES

Badii, C. (2021, September 14). Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholism/withdrawal   

Burke, D. (2023, July 4). Alcoholism: Causes, risk factors, and symptoms. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholism/basics   

Holland, K. (2018, December 21). Medication for alcoholism: Disulfiram, naltrexone, Campral, Acamprosate. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/medication-alcoholism   

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2022, May 18). Alcohol Use Disorder. The Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20369243   

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2021). The Cycle of Alcohol Addiction. National Institutes of Health. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/cycle-alcohol-addiction   

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2023, April). Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder. National Institutes of Health. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder   

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Alcohol’s Effects on the Body. National Institutes of Health. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohols-effects-body   

Tyler, M. (2017, December 19). Alcohol addiction: Signs, Complications, and recovery. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/alcohol